Psychology - 1413 Words

------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop†¦show more content†¦212). Another example of emotional development is having empathy. Apprehending another person’s emotional state and then matching that to ones emotions is considered empathy. The last example is moral emotions which is defined as emotional states that are linked to their culture’s definitions of right and wrong (Boyd Bee, 2009, p. 213). These emotions include guilt, shame, and pride. Middle Childhood Second, Boyd and Bee (2009) explain that between the ages of six and twelve, children grow two to three inches and add six pounds each year (p. 246). Because of growth, muscle also grows so children have the ability to bike ride better. A second example of growth is the brain development that occurs between ages 10 and 12 in which the frontal lobes improve dramatically. This causes children to develop a particular kind of concentration called selective attention, which is the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation (Boyd Bee, 2009, p. 245). The last example of physical growth is excessive weight gain issues. Both authors explain that excessive weight gain is the most serious long-term health risk of the middle childhood period. If a child is having these problems, he or she is at risk of having weight problems and health problems in adulthood. Cognitive development in middle childhood occurs, for example, when a child has mastered the basic grammar and pronunciation ofShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

A Great Of Honor Great Americans - 973 Words

A Great Way to Honor Great Americans If you were given the task to build a museum to honor Great Americans, how would go about it? How would it look? Who would be featured? How you wanted to be perceived? Founder of the Hall of Fame had the honor to build such a museum. The Hall of Fame for Great Americans was created around the early 1900s, on land that used to be New York university’s campus. The Hall of Fame honors Ninety-eight men and women who were; inventors, educators and authors to name a few, in a form of bronze busts. The busts were engraved with their name, the year they were born, the year of their death and a statement made by them. The people who founded and designed the Hall of Fame were paying tribute to Rome and Greece,†¦show more content†¦Why is this so important? It’s important because the founder was wanted it to feel similar as being on top of Mount Olympus. The whole design for this museum shows they wanted to pay tribute to the Roman and Greek architecture. From the column s, to the curve of the walk through and to the statues themselves. All point to these two eras from which were America’s inspiration for our government. The Hall of Fame sits on top of its version on Mt. Olympus with the Gould Memorial library behind it being Pantheon, shows that the founder was a democrat or favor democracy over republican. This could be a small acknowledgement they were trying to make with the placement of the Hall of Fame. Greece’s democracy and Rome’s republican heavily influenced America’s government. That was the message the both the founder and designer were trying to make when this museum was built. The lack of African Americans and the low number of women present in the Hall of Fame, shows how society was in the 1900’s. Looking at of ninety-eight busts, you can notice ninety-five are white Americans and eighty- eight are men. Which leaves ten women and three African Americans. Around the 1900’s seeing mainly men being honored was not a big thing, them also being white was also not. African American and Women weren’t seen as important, around the early 1900’s they were still fighting to be heard. Even though at that point

International Law Legislative Power

Question: Discuss about the International Lawfor Legislative Power. Answer: The general power of the government to exercise authority over the entity and person within its territory is referred to as the jurisdiction. There are different forms of jurisdiction the most prominent is given to perspective jurisdiction and the enforcement jurisdiction. The right of the legislature is to create, amend and repeal the legislation is referred to as the perspective jurisdiction or the legislative power. On the other hand, the enforcement jurisdiction is the right of the government to enforce the legislation through policing and prosecuting. Therefore, from the above discussion it can be seen that the main difference between the perspective and enforcement jurisdiction is that the perspective jurisdiction is the legislative power of the government whereas the enforcement jurisdiction is the executive power of the government. In the case of SS Lotus (France v Turkey)(1927) PCIJ Ser A, No 10 there are two principles of lotus case. The first principle provides that a stat e cannot exercise its power in any form in the territory of another state without the permission of the international law or treaty (Ryngaert, 2015). The second lotus principle is that even if an international law does not permit a state can exercise its power in its territory in any form. For example, a country can ban certain products by exercising its perspective jurisdiction but it cannot enforce the ban on another state outside its territory that is absent of enforcement jurisdiction. In this case, citizen A of country B has committed a crime against country A. The country A can with the help of country can bring citizen to justice. The Model Law of extradition 2004 and Model law Mutual assistance 2007 provides that if an appropriate request is received for cooperation then it is the responsibility of the state receiving the request to cooperate as per international laws and treaties (Shihata, 2013). Reference Ryngaert, C. (2015).Jurisdiction in international law. OUP Oxford. Shihata, I. F. (2013).The Power of the International Court to Determine Its Own Jurisdiction: Comptence de la Comptence. Springer.

Trp Ratings free essay sample

Television Rating Points TRP is the criterion that indicates the popularity of a channel or programme and this data is very useful for the advertisers who bid their advertisements for a particular television slot based on the TRP of a program being aired at that slot. Television audience measurement (â€Å"TAM†) or television rating points (â€Å"TRP†), essentially calculate the popularity of a television programme by measuring the number of viewers a programme enjoys at a specific time. TRPs are invaluable in media planning since allocation of expenses is decided based on these figures. 2) What are the metrics measured to arrive at TRP ratings? The recent controversy revolves around the fact that the Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry has decided to take action against two reality shows â€Å"Bigg Boss 4 â€Å" and â€Å"Rakhi ka Insaaf†. Colors and Imagine, the 2 channels, which telecast these shows respectively, have been reprimanded. The Ministry has asked all the channels to air such kinds of shows that have adult content, only between 11 p. We will write a custom essay sample on Trp Ratings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page m. and 5 p. m. The decision can be seen as a step to correct the changing definition of prime time viewing. Earlier dedicated to family dramas, this slot has now been taken over by reality shows. Such shows are currently seen as kingmakers (top TRP grabbers) in the television industry as these channels try to pull all strings to stay ahead in the game. Television Metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again. The different metrics used have been mentioned below- DART During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India. DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART till this date is the only rating system that still measures audience metrics in Rural India. TAM INTAM In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered. In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by  AC Nielson) as the official record-keeper of audience metrics. Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs. In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data. This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM. For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de-facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game. aMap In 2004, a rival ratings service, funded by a slew of American NRI investors, called  Audience Measurement Analytics Limited  (aMap) was launched. Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken. aMap  USP is that ratings are available as early as next day as compared to TAMs timeline of next week. Broadcast Audience Research Council An even newer industry body called Broadcast Audience Research Council, seeks to setup an almost real-time audience metrics system. Plans for this was announced in march 2008 and work is said to be in progress. ) What is the methodology followed (could be with data collection, calculating the metrics, arriving at the ratings, etc. )? Traditional methods of ratings were through survey’s or diary entries. Presently, INTAM (Indian Television Audience Measurement) is the only electronic rating agency functioning in India. INTAM uses two methodologies for calculating TRP. 1) First is frequency monitoring, in which people meters are installed in sample homes and these electronic gadgets continuously record data about the channel watched by the family members. The People meter is a costly equipment, which is imported from abroad. It reads the frequencies of channels, which are later, decoded into the name of the channels and the agency prepares a national data on the basis of its sample homes readings. 2) Second technique is more reliable and relatively new to India. In picture matching technique people meter continuously records a small portion of the picture that is being watched on that particular television set. Along with this agency also records all the channels data in the form of small picture portion. Data collected from the sample homes is later on matched with the main data bank to interpret the channel name. And this way national rating is produced. 4) Regarding the recent controversy, what’s wrong with the new methodology? There are a number of issues with the existing method of measuring TRP— 1) There is a drawback in the above mentioned technique of frequency monitoring using people meters, as cable operators frequently change the frequencies of the different channels before sending signals to the homes. It may be very misleading to read a channel according to a particular frequency even if the down linking frequency is same all over India. 2) At the same time it is important to understand that the ‘ratings’ do not necessarily provide qualitative evaluations of how much a programme is ‘liked’ or what programme content a particular audience truly demands. Ratings simply calculate numbers within the chosen sample households. The method of arriving at such ratings is therefore critical. 3) There has been an on-going debate on whether to and how to regulate TRP rating agencies in India. At present, there are no guidelines or regulations for the method of determining TRPs, the minimum standards, the extent and demography of sample households, the equipment to be used, the technology to be adopted in data collection and the platforms which should be covered. Private rating agencies follow internal policies for their research, while some rating agencies follow industry codes for market researchers. Adherence to these codes, however, is voluntary. The absence of TRP guidelines and regulations, has therefore raised questions on the accountability of the research agency and credibility of the ratings and procedure followed. Thus as per above mentioned points it is not certain if the programs on television that boasted of high TRP ratings, did actually get the increased viewership. It could just have been a distorted measurement of viewership that channels would have used for their benefit to earn more money by selling advertisement slots. This eventually dragged them into the regulatory trap and caused the controversy where Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting had to intervene and set the appropriate rules.

Latin Words and Expressions in English

Latin Words and Expressions in English Why Learn About Latin Words and Expressions in English?: Some excellent reasons you might want to know more about Latin words and expressions in English are: Youre studying for a vocabulary/admissions test.Youre a non-native English speaker puzzled by the vocabulary.Youre developing a character for a novel.You need a new word for a specific technical purpose.You are a stickler for language purity and dont want to create a hybrid word inadvertently. [See this polyamory t-shirt for more information.] The Latin Connection With English: Its confusing to hear that English doesnt come from Latin because there are so many Latin words and expressions in English, but vocabulary is not enough to make one language the daughter language of another. Romance languages, including French, Italian, and Spanish, come from Latin, an important sub-branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European tree. The Romance languages are sometimes called daughter languages of Latin. English is a Germanic language, not a Romance or Italic language. The Germanic languages are on a different branch from the Italic. Just because our English language doesnt come from Latin doesnt mean all our words have a Germanic origin. Clearly, some words and expressions are Latin, like ad hoc. Others, e.g., habitat, circulate so freely that were not aware theyre Latin. Some came into English when Francophone Normans invaded Britain in 1066. Others, borrowed from Latin, have been modified. Latin TranslationA Biography of LatinThe Spread of LatinIndo-European Languages Latin Words in English: There are many Latin words in English. Some are more obvious than others because they are italicized. Others are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware theyre Latin, like veto or etc. Latin Words in EnglishMore Latin Words in EnglishLatin Adjectives in EnglishLatin and Greek Geometry TermsLatin Religious Words in English Latin Words Incorporated in English Words: In addition to what we call borrowing (although there is no plan to return the borrowed words), Latin is used to form English words. Often English words contain a Latin word as a prefix. These Latin words are most often Latin prepositions. Many Latin words come into English with the preposition already attached to the verb. Sometimes the ending is changed to suit the needs of English; for instance, the verb may be converted to a noun. English Words With Latin PrepositionsGreek and Latin Prefixes and Suffixes For English WordsLatin Color WordsBorrowed Words Latin Sayings in English: Some of these sayings are familiar in translation; others in their original Latin (or Greek). Most of them are profound and worth remembering (in either the classical or modern language). Latin Sayings in EnglishAncient Proverbs in Pictures More - Words and Ideas: Words and Ideas, edited by William J. Dominik, contains word-building techniques for those who want to learn how to combine bits of Latin or Greek to form proper words in English or for those interested in the meaning of those word components. Latin Grammar in English: Since English doesnt come from Latin it follows that the internal structure or grammar of English is different from Latin. But English grammar as it is taught in classes on grammar is based on Latin grammar. As a result, some official rules make limited or no sense. One that is familiar, in its violation, from the Star Trek series, is the rule against a split infinitive. The Star Trek sentence contains the split infinitive to boldly go. Such a construction simply cant happen in Latin, but is obviously easy to do in English, and it works. See William Harris on how we wound up with the Latin grammar albatross.

Icici bak merger Essays

Icici bak merger Essays Icici bak merger Essay Icici bak merger Essay It can be defined as a strategy to achieve faster growth, desired capital structure and change in the ownership and control of company. The reasons behind change may be external or internal factors. In the present scenario, business organization undertakes changes to increase their cutting edge over the competition and enhance their leadership positions. It is a fundamental fact of finance that growth and capital employed are two basic drivers of the value of an organization. On the other hand neither growth nor improvement in ROCK is possible unless the company is under the control of competent, progressive and visionary management. The present paper is an attempt to understand the strategic move of CHIC bank. The case study will veal the motives behind and synergies from such MA activities. An attempt has been made to analyze, Is corporate restructuring a tool to enhance the shareholders value. Why CHIC Bank has taken such a strategic move and many more questions will be solved from the case study. 192 Mergers and acquisitions in banking sector has become admired trend throughout the country. A large number of public sector, private sector and other banks are engaged in mergers and acquisitions activities in India. One of the prominent motives behind Mergers and Acquisitions in the banking sector is to harvest the benefit of economies of scales. With the help of mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector, the banks can achieve significant growth in their operations and Meltzer tenet expenses to a considerable extent say Tort example Installation expenses for setting up new branches will be saved. Secondly, the most significant vantage is that it eliminates competition from the banking industry. Proven to be an act of corporate action, mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector has ensured efficiency, profitability and synergy from past many years.

Critical Response Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Response - Research Paper Example This paper will explore the film’s content, as well as formal aspects, including, among others, performance and genre. Almodovar appreciates the element of desire, particularly homosexual desire, which is a tough topic regarding a normal human condition. The director considers desire as the absolute necessity to be wanted or desired, however, the interplay of desires often makes it difficult for two desires to correspond. The integration of such a sensitive topic in the film not only adds to its richness, but also highlights the array of formal aspects employed to present the issue in a delicate manner. Almodovar’s use of comedy and comic sensibilities eases the manner in which the touchy issues of homosexuality, nudity, violence, jealousy and lust are presented and discussed. According to Smith (187) La Ley del Deseo develops the central theme of morality as highlighted by homosexuality and transsexuality. Almodovar’s style also encompasses the use of themes to develop new themes. For instance, the theme of love without constraints results in the emergence of the theme of death. The disregard of sexual differences in the endeavor to find love without restrictions results in the eventuality of death. Pally (35) perceives Almodovar’s presentation of these touchy issues as celebratory instead of frightening. Almodovar uses light to frame the film’s characters’ faces with a sense of protection and care, which does away with the characters’ inherent confusion. This use of light allows the viewer to appreciate the braveness and joyousness of the characters that choose to be true to their true emotions regardless of the outcome. The extravagant use of bright color in the film speaks to Almodovar’s visual style. In addition to the integration of color in the film, Almodovar incorporates art, for instance, the hopper print that appears in Pablo’s apartment. The use of bright colors and art adds to the filmà ¢â‚¬â„¢s overall visual superiority. In addition, Almodovar uses other stylistic touches such as fade and close-up. For instance, in one scene, framing shifts from a close-up of Pablo’s eyes to the revolving wheels of his car, the wheel cover aligns perfectly with Pablo’s pupils (La Ley del Deseo). In essence, even when Almodovar portrays Pablo’s makeshift family as incredibly outrageous through silly narrative, the director protects the nobility, emotional richness and strength of all characters. Characterization adds to the richness of the film. For instance, while the film appears to be falling apart in some instances, characters such as Tina who is fierce, funny and independent do not fall apart, thereby holding the film together. Operating in a cultural environment that frowns upon nudity, especially male nudity, Almodovar does his best to deal with the awkwardness of the topic in a comic manner. However, according to Medhurst (127) the use of comedy in pre senting serious issues in La Ley del Deseo complicates the manner in which Almodovar and the film are perceived culturally. Notably, since comedy relies on inside cultural knowledge, the region from which La Ley del Deseo was generated largely influences the appreciation of the film’s message (Medhurst 132). Spanish roots have significantly influenced the film’s raw material, thereby impacting the way people from other cultures perceive its intrinsic message. On

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics in Barclays Bank Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics in Barclays Bank - Essay Example Because of this novel innovation in CSR, Barclays presents an ideal context in which to explore the broader implications of community citizenship among banks. 1.2 Purpose of the study The study seeks to examine corporate social responsibility policies, including business ethics and its impact on Barclays bank practice and key stakeholders. It shall lay the foundations by describing Barclay’s history and environment, its organizational framework and the philosophy underlying its banking operations. The study shall proceed to detailing the bank’s CSR ethos, the programs by which it is fleshed out, and the manner by which the programs are executed. Finally, the study shall determine the effects of the CSR programs among its stakeholders, particularly its employees and customers. From these findings, the study may conclude whether or not its CSR philosophy and programs attain their objectives and contribute to the strategic goals of the firm. 1.3 Objectives The purpose of t his research will be achieved by targeting the following objectives: (1) To describe Barclays Bank as a business, detailing its history, organizational structure, operational philosophy, and corporate performance; (2) To investigate the CSR philosophy of Barclays and the manner in which this vision is sought to be realized by its programs and practices; (3) To assess the effectiveness of these CSR programs and practices towards the attainment of the CSR objectives and, ultimately, the organization’s overall strategic goals; and (4) To arrive at insights and recommend possible courses of actions that may contribute to the CSR efforts of banks in general. 1.4 Research questions The degree to which this research will be able to... The intention of this study is corporate social responsibility. One definition is that CSR is a matter of reporting the impact of corporate activities on its various stakeholders - i.e. customers, employees, shareholders and creditors, regulators and the government, communities, and society in general. Three schools of thought appear to emerge in CSR academic literature: the neo-liberal school which focuses on industry self-regulation; the state-led school which centers on national and international regulation; and the corporate-centered school which focuses on the role of the organization, depending on whether it is for-profit or not-for-profit. CSR did not develop as a well-defined concept overnight. The experience of National Westminster Bank, then the eighth largest in the world, mirrored that of many similar other banks. Among employees, as talented staff advanced up the hierarchy, in about 40 years they were at a point when too many people were chasing too few jobs. Some people had to be passed over, leaving them disillusioned and disaffected. Almost serendipitously at the time, however, the British National Gallery issued a request to the bank for money and an administrator to spearhead a fund-raising campaign. The bank assigned a then inactive branch manager to handle the project, which ended in success nine months earlier. Not long thereafter, seeing the success of this and subsequent similar projects, the bank’s personal manager and its board decided to establish National Westminster Enterprises, wherein it assigned more than one hundred of its administrators to assist various charities all over England.

Psychological gambling Essay Example for Free

Psychological gambling Essay Abstract: Few studies have explored the relationship between gambling and health status. Both compulsive and pathological gambling are disorders related to obsession-compulsive disorder. The data supports the notion that gambling does affect with non-gambling health problems. The purpose of this article is to provide the information between gambling behaviors and substance use disorders, health associations, screening and treatment options for problem and pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is an addictive and stress proposing disorder. More research is needed to investigate directly the biological and health relations associated with the different types of gambling behaviors and to define the role for doctors or therapists in the prevention and treatment of problem and pathological gambling. There are many types of gambling that people indulge in today. People of all ages have been seduced by gambling. Gambling is done every day, so as it continues to grow, so does the debt of the American people. Attractions such as online casinos with jackpots equivalent to ten years salary and simple sports booking, makes it more common today than it was yesterday. Gambling is hard to resist because it offers a feeling of hope, and defines that thin line between reality and fantasy that ends with a mental payoff. The main question with this concern is; is it all about the money? It couldnt be all about the money, unless the general public was extremely stupid. The odds of winning the lottery are lesser than the odds of someone being struck by lightning (1 in 649,739) or than someone being killed by a terrorist attack abroad (1 in 650,000). (7). It has been said, If you bought 100 tickets a week your entire adult life, from the age of 18 to 75, youd have a 1 percent chance of winning the lottery. (7) Now, a number of psychological studies have been done which indicate that the desire to play the lottery has more to do with the inability or unconcern of a person to calculate the total sum of their own money over time spent of these dollar tickets. The hope and fantastic feeling they receive is worth more than the dollar they give the 7-11 clerk at that time. Casino games create a different sensation. Whether it be cards, slots, or dice games after being seated in front of it for an hour or two there will generally be a win, some kind of win. Usually that win is small. It serves the person, or the brain, with a sort of reward. The reward entices the person to want to continue their game so to get another reward (7). The basis for this affirmative award is biological. Research done at the Massachusetts General Hospital has showed similar brain activity induced by prize money to food and drug rewards. The scientists measuring this brain activity compared it with giving a cocaine addict an infusion of cocaine. (2) An experiment was set up wherein the brain activity of the subjects was measured while they gambled. Each subject was offered one of three spinners: a good spinner offered them a chance to earn $10, $2. 50, or nothing; an intermediate spinner offered $2. 50, $0, or -$1. 50; and a bad spinner let them win nothing or lose, -$1. 50 or -$6. (3) The brain activity was measured with a high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, otherwise known as an fMRI, while they were spinning for six seconds and after then after they had spun. The results showed that the brain activity proved to be strong, moderate, and low in accordance with the level of spinning good, intermediate and bad. The proportions always demonstrated the expected brain activity. The scientists performing this experiment came to the conclusion that money serves as the same type of reward to humans as does drugs and food; it sets into motion a reward mechanism in the brain providing relative stimulus to the amount of reward or loss which is taking place. The similarity suggests that a common brain circuitry is used for various types of rewards. (3) Considering the conclusion of this experiment to be true, there still remains an unsettling question pertaining to gambling and brain circuitry. Why do some people gamble more than others? At first I searched for some demographic conclusions to support a hypothesis that some group of people gambled more than others. However, there simply isnt much discrimination when it comes to gambling. The National Opinion Research Center, a government based study, showed that there is no gender gap in terms of gambling: the 1998 statistic showed 49% women and 51% men gamble in general. (1) The consensus showed that all different ages gamble. Some specifications were made like people between thirty and sixty tended to gamble with more money than the younger and older, but that seems natural because that range probably gains the most salary. It also specified that those under eighteen tended to play less in casino, lottery and horse races but that is because they were not allowed in. Thus, those under eighteen were showed to make more wagers outside of a gambling facility than the other age groups. Depending on the game, there seemed to be a pretty even distribution of race among gamblers. The bottom line being; the desire to gamble does not depend on any specific background or gender or age or culture. It depends on the human desire to gain monetary pleasure, to get something for little to nothing, to be rewarded via dollars rather than food or drugs. The demographic statistics and equalities listed above still do not account for why some crave gambling more than others. Distinctions have been made among gamblers. The categories are as follows: non-gambler, low-risk gambler, at-risk gambler, problem gambler and pathological gambler. (1) The desire to gamble becomes increasingly more prevalent and obsessive as the levels progress. A pathological gambler, according to the DSM-IV criteria is constantly preoccupied with gambling, increases the amounts of money spent over time on gambling so not to achieve a tolerance, cannot stop gambling, gambles as an escape, attempts to break even after having lost money, lies constantly to friends and family about gambling, sometimes commits illegal acts to support gambling, risks significant relationships, jobs, or education for gambling, and uses the financial help of others to be bailed out of some situation caused by gambling. (1) Why are these people so obsessed with gambling that it takes over their lives? It has been hypothesized that pathological gamblers have dysfunctional reward pathways. When the pathways function correctly, one important result is a release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that can stimulate pleasurable feelings. Pathological gamblers have been proven to have lower activity in an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters. This may create a problem for serotonin distribution. Also, researchers have identified a greater amount of certain genetic configurations in pathological gamblers, a variation which may be responsible for the deficient reward pathway. (4) The medication prescribed to some of these pathological gamblers who were tested increased their serotonin levels and seemed to have positive effects in the way of their resisting the urge to gamble. Many equate the pathological desire to gamble with a problem in the decision-making area of the brain, a constant lapse in judgment so to speak. The areas of the brain associated with the decision-making process are the middle frontal, inferior frontal and orbital gyrus. (4) While this neurological analysis may offer some understanding to why people gamble for reward purposes, it does not explain the bigger relationship between human beings and gambling. Gambling does not necessarily need to involve money; it can instead be translated to a risk. People gamble everyday whether it be the tasting of a new food or skipping an important business meeting. It seems that gambling is a part of life necessary to perpetuate the human species. Diversification, a part of natural life, involves adapting to different environments and niches. Say a bee only acquired nutrients from one specific flower, never venturing out to samples other types of pollen, what would happen? Suppose one winter that specific type of flower failed to survive, or some sort of spontaneous extinction occurred, all the bees who fed off this flower would become extinct as well. The same sort of thing may occur if a person moved to a different country, wherein the food looked completely different. In order to stay alive, that person would have to take a chance on a new type of diet. Human beings, as well as a majority of the remaining Animal Kingdom are inclined to diversify and adapt to new surroundings in order to stay strong and able to perpetuate their species. The same notion of adaptation for survival applies to drastic temperature changes and the effect it has on the body. (5) Although shell temperature is not regulated within narrow limits the way internal body temperature is, thermoregulatory responses do strongly affect the temperature of the shell, and especially its outermost layer, the skin. The temperature of the environment is directly related to the thickness of this shell. If the shell is needed to conserve heat, it may expand to a several centimeters underneath the skins surface, however, if the environment is warm, then the shell will tend to only be about one centimeter thick. This shell of warmth protects people in the case that they wish to change environmental settings, or so the same species can survive in all different locations. The complex nature of the human body responds well to their desire to gamble, to diversify, to extend their minds and risk. Whether it be monetary, behavioral or just plain desire to risk, humans are drawn towards the new and the chancy.It is the danger of loss and the thrill of life that keeps us breathing. Works Consulted: 1)Alvarez,A. The Biggest Game in Town. New York: Chronicle Books, 2002. 2)Brunson,Doyle. Doyle Brunsons Super System. Cardoza Pub, 1979. 3)Dostoeyevsky,Fyodor. The Gambler. New York: Viking Press, 1966. 4)http://www. norc. uchicago. edu/new/gamb-fin. htm 5)http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2001/05/010524062100. htm 6)http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=0004400A-E6F5-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F 7)http://www. gnxp. com/MT2/archives/001309. html 8)http://www. reflection-idea. com/psychics. html.

Dioxin :: Essays Papers

Dioxin Out to Help, or Out to Hurt? Imagine yourself building a life in a neighborhood that has everything to offer: A playground for the children, a day care center, an elementary school, a hospital, and friendly people. Everything seems to be perfect until you find out that the hospital, noted for helping people overcome illness and other ailments, is in turn causing some of those health problems. This neighborhood is not so ideal anymore. You begin to ask yourself if there was something you could have done, something you should have known, but you just don't have the answers. You are not alone. Thousands of people are learning about the effects of dioxin in their neighborhoods all the time, and there is something everyone can do about it. For starters, pinpointing the source of the problem is essential. In this case, the dioxin is being emitted into the air, water, and soil by way of a hospital incinerator. However, this is not just an argument for the environment, it is an issue of morality as well. It is up to the people to take action and fight for their right to a clean, safe environment. The Cortland Memorial Hospital incinerator is a major producer of dioxin in the Cortland area, as are all hospital incinerators throughout the world (Gibbs 53). The Environmental Protection agency has estimated that roughly 53 percent of all dioxin is cause by medical waste being burned in the hospital incinerators, and most of this is unnecessary (55). Through much research and investigation, it has been discovered that much of this dioxin is coming from the improper disposal of ALL hospital waste. Pam Jenkins, a previous advocate to stop the amount of dioxin being released into the air by Cortland Hospital, shared some of her information with us about the disposal of the waste after it is generated by the hospital. She informed us that materials and products, which can be sent to the landfill, are in actuality, being burned right in the hospital incinerator. The fact that materials such as hospital bedding, IV bags, food waste, metals, plastics, and other hazardous materials a re being burned in the incinerator is affecting the neighborhoods surrounding the hospital because the smoke carries the toxins and deposits them all over. How is dioxin created in these incinerators, and how does it affect community citizens?

Learning and change

Learning is a continual process when people learn they generate ideas and they test them to their own values.   When the ideas survive the test then learning has occurred (Schaveran, 2007).   In my opinion, learning only occurs after information is filtered through ones brain and one that is retained in the long-term memory is what is learned.   This is because not all information gathered or exposed to is relevant.   The brain uses selective criteria in choosing what tom process and store.   Most times, what we can relate to in terms of previous knowledge and/or experience is easily retained or learned, as opposed to new and abstract information.   Perhaps this is the reason why it is said that learning is biologically based.Learning is f g.t.r process meaning it followers a generate test and regenerate cycle.   At least this is according to the biologically based generative theory of learning.   This theory is built upon three premises.   One, that values drive le arning, two that learning occurs by selection and three that learning is progressive (Schaverien, 2007) contrary to common thought learning is not a one-time affair, biological learning takes times and at the primary level it may take as long as 20 years for it to occur.This is because at the primary level. Genetic knowledge transfer from one living thing to another say through reproduction takes time.   At the secondary level i.e. within the immune system and brain the time frame is shorter while at the territory level that is through studying our history and culture knowledge transfer is relatively quicker (Schaverein, 2007) Perhaps this sound like technical jargon but Hutching puts a better perspective on the whole concept of time learning.   He says,Education is not a segregated activity conducted hours in certain places at a certain time of life.   It was the aim of society.   The city educated the man. The Athenian was educated by culture by paideia (Hutchins 1970:133) Learning has always been an intriguing concept to curious minds such as those of psychologist mostly because it is unseen and intangible process.   Psychologists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Locke, Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner, Jerome Brunner, George Kelly and Wolfgang Kohler are some of the key psychologist who contributed significant theories, which try to explain learning.This paper draws from a workplace context of how learning occurs; it also tracks ideas about growth and development in the work place basing argument from certain theories of learning.   It will also speculate on the various kinds of learning support in the workplace.Human growth and development occurs in stages.   In this workplace context, I choose to focus on Erickson’s model of lifespan development and how it affects the workplace learning and change, Erickson’s model concerns itself with psychosocial department of human beings.   It specifically touches on social roles and relati onship of individuals and how they progress from childhood to late stages of life theory proposes.This theory proposes eight stages of life, which occurs in the same order to all individuals. (Barbara & Newman, 2005).   Ã‚  This first stage revolves around trust and infants experience it.   At the stage there is need fell that one can depend on those around him.   This stage is very crucial to an individual and affects learning in the progressive stages if an infact gains trust in his environment, she/he learns to trust others.   The second stage is characterized by struggle for autonomy and doubt.   This stage occurs at about age 2-3 where by the infant seeks independence of others yet finds that the support of others is in dispensable.At this stage both of these aspects are crucial since without independence a child is clubbed with self-doubt when doing things on his own, at the same time support from others equally important for growth. The third stage at about age3-6 i s characterized by struggles between initiative and guilt.   At this point, children not allowed to follow their own course are crippled with guilt whenever they do so.   This could lead to over dependence on others.   The fourth stage occurs at age seven through to early puberty.   This stage is characterized by internal conflict between industry and inferiority.During this stage, there is great interest to tackle tasks performed by adults.   Failures influence the Childs inferiority complex.   Similarly, successes build self-confidence and superiority complex.   Adolescence is the next stage characterized by confusion between self-identity and societal role.   There is a poor coordination between self-identity and life goals.   Failures are associated failure in life.   This is a very destructive behaviour such as drug abuse, dropouts and alcoholism.   The sixth stage is young adulthood.   At this stage struggles between confusion and self-identity have bee n resolved.   However, there is struggle between intimacy and partners and careers.   Some people combine this stage with the adult years since these years are ones that an individual is at their prime.However, the struggles in the adult years are different at the stage a person is at struggles between generativity and stagnation.   This is owing to the many demands of life at this stage say advancement in career, productivity at work and at home and risk of stagnation.   The last stage is the senior years mostly the years after retirement.   At this stage, an individual is at crossroads between feeling of integrity and despair.   In these reflective years, a person recollects how he/she spent his life and gauges whether it was in vain or it was meaningful.   Feelings of despair arise when on individual feels that there is nothing more left for him/her in this life.I suppose one may be justified to wonder what Erickson’s model of lifespan development has to do w ith learning and change.   As seen, each stage of life is characterized by struggles and these struggles must be overcome for an individual to develop to a healthy adult capable of learning.   Individuals who had or have difficulty of resolving these struggles depict certain deficiency in learning personally; I have a problem with trusting myself to do something right alone.   Perhaps, this distrust originates from the fact that I was not encouraged to follow my own initiative during the stage where individuals have need to have autonomy and initiative.   Such people usually have difficulty in learning new things and being innovative at the workplace.These doubts and guilt hinder them from expressing new ideas and learning through training and delegation is slow.   The sixth stage of development has implication on learning in the workplace.   Young adults are motivated but an internal need to be generative and productive.   This means that they are more flexible and in terested in learning new things.   Similarly, their brains are at their sharpest and they feel inclined to generate alternatives approaches to problems.   Given a rich environment and the right organization culture, their potential is boundless.  Ã‚   The biological based generative theory of determines what information is learnt and which is discarded.   Values are formed at each level of development.   Young adults who have positive values attached to learning and their self-concept are able to generate their own views hence learning. (Finger & Asà ºn, 2000)   They are also able to relinquish meaningless ideas and build on them to make powerful ones.ConclusionIn summary, it is worthwhile to expose the kinds of learning support that might work in the workplace.   The ideal learning situation should be one that allows individuals to construct their own ideas and subject them to the g-t-r cycle inorder to validate learning.   The workplace should be one that enables an individual to have a degree of autonomy and initiative in initiating and sustaining learning.   Young adults should be accorded tasks that challenge them so that hey do not stagnate at one position and they feel productive. (Sugarman, 2001)   Equally important is the need to foster healthy competition within the workplace.   According to the Erickson’s lifespan development model, individuals can revisit particular stages if theory feels they did not adequately resolve the struggles characterizing that stage.   In such cases, the workplace may play a supportive role of facilitating this resolution.BibliographyBarbara, M & Newman, P (2005). Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approachs. Thomson Wadsworth.Finger, M. & Asà ºn, M. (2000). Adult Education at the Crossroads. Learning our way out. London: Zed Books.Hutchins, R. M. (1970).The Learning Society, Harmondsworth. Penguin.Schaverien, L. (2007). Working Paper: An introduction to a (biologically based) genera tive view of learning.Sugarman, L. (2001). Life-span Development: Frameworks, Accounts, and Strategies. Psychology Press.

Home video game Essay

1: Why the rapid growth of Atari? Why the 1982-85 collapse? How did Nintendo rebuild the industry? What was its strategy? After Bushnell settled on Atari, his first built was the simplest game, which people knew the rules immediately, and this game could be played with only one hand. Then, Bushnell talked his way into a $ 50000 line of credit from a local bank to start his business. By 1974, 100,000 Pong-like games were sold worldwide, and although Atari manufactured only 10 percent of the game, the company still made $3. 2 million that year. Atari had a rapid growth because it is a new industry, and Atari does not have any competitor at that time. So, Atari is the only company in this home video game industry, and it has a huge power of supplier with no competitors and substitutes. After 1976, about twenty different companies were crowding into the home videogame market, Atari still has more than 50% market share in the industry. Until 1978, Atari estimated that total demand would reach 2 million units. In 1982, Atari lost $500 in the first nine months of the year. Part of the blame for the collapse was laid at the feet of an enormous inventory overhang of unsold games. With more and more new games hit the market, the average price would goes down and the profits goes down as well. Nintendo established a commanding worldwide position by the end of the decade. The first step of Nintendo was to license video game technology from Magnavox. Then, Nintendo tried to develop its own video game machine (Famicom) that combined superior graphics processing capabilities and low cost. In the US, Nintendo established a subsidiary named as Nintendo of America (NOA) by 1980, and Nintendo repositioned the market in U. S. NOA spent about 2% of sales budget for advertising and also sought out promotion partner, and it practiced careful inventory management in releasing its new games. In conclusion, Nintendo made an innovative new game system which had some competitive advantages such as cheaper, superior image quality, faster hardware processing and a connector that can be used for future addition of a modem and keyboard. 2: How was Nintendo able to capture value from the home video game business? First of all, with the video game industry’s collapse, none of the company seems to have anything to do with the with the home video business except Nintendo. So, it was a big chance for Nintendo to monopolize the video game business, and it was a good chance to negotiate and license other companies to develop games for its system. Secondly, Nintendo has good market position and distribution in United Stated. Thirdly, Nintendo has good game designing and technology, and it uses the regulation, contract and patent license to limit the market share of other game companies. 3: How was Sega able to gain market share from Nintendo? With Sega’s first game Periscope, Sega built up a respectable export business. Then, Sega realized that great games drove sales and more powerful technology gave game developers the tools to develop more appealing games. Sega also licensed other companies to develop games for the Genesis platform, but asked for lower royalty rates than Nintendo. Despite aggressive marketing in the 80s, it wasn’t until the introduction of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 as a direct competitor to Nintendo’s Mario character that Sega was able to capture a meaningful amount of the market with its Genesis console. The key point was Genesis does what Nintendo don’t, and Sega version out sold Nintendo’s two to one. 4: Evaluate the competitive strategy of 3DO. What flaws can you see in 3DO’s approach? The vision for 3DO was to shift the home video game business away from the existing cartridge-based format and toward a CD-ROM-based platform. The belief at 3DO is that the superior storage and graphics processing capabilities of the 3DO system would prove very attractive to game developers, allowing them to be far more creative. In turn, better games would attract customers away from Nintendo and Sega. The 3DO’s strategy was to license its hardware technology for free. However, only a few 3DO titles were available by the Christmas period where reports suggested 150 titles, and sales of the hardware were slow. As can be seen, 3DO did good at its software, but bad at its hardware. As a result, 3DO announced that it would either sell its hardware system or move into joint venture. 5: How come the Sony Play Station has succeeded where 3DO failed? Sony set up a retail channel separate from its consumer electronics sales force, and Sony has a good communication with retailers before the launch to find out how it could help them sell the play station. Sony targets its advertising for PlayStation at specific generation and age range. So, Sony focused on it retailers and customers, and it has a good market position. On the other side, 3DO only focused on its products but lack of the communication with its retailers and customers. 6: What drove Microsoft’s decision to enter the industry with its X-box offering? Because before Microsoft entered the home video game industry, it was no stranger to games. Microsoft had long participated in the PC gaming industry and was one of the largest publishers of PC games. X-box was based on Microsoft’s PC technology, and it would be much easier for software developers to write game for. Microsoft enter the industry because with annual revenues in excess of $20 billion worldwide, the home video game industry is huge and an important source of potential growth for Microsoft. 7: What lessons can be learned from the history of the home video game industry that has been used to help launch the Sony PlayStation II and Microsoft’s X-Box? Do Microsoft and Sony appear to have learned and applied these lessons? The lesson can be learned from the history of the home video industry was to focus on R&D, market positioning, cost leadership, innovation, technology and communications. Sony PlayStation II has consumed about 1. 3 billion in R&D, and Sony actually loses money on Sony PlayStation machine but gain from game CDs. On the other side, Microsoft’s X-Box cut X-box price over time but guaranteed a profit margin. There are three technical factors determined the quality of a video game: data width (in bits), clock speed (in MHz), and the amount of RAM (in bytes). Both Sony PlayStation II and Microsoft’s X-Box have their own competitive advantage in these technologies, and they also both are good game designers.

ONE FOOT IN FRONT OF THE OTHER

ONE FOOT IN FRONT OF THE OTHER Finding time to write is hard, but you do it. Improving your writing is time consuming, but you manage. Its hard to find critiquers for your work, but you keep searching until you do. You never think youll find a publisher, but its doable. Then you hold a book in your hand, and you beam with happiness. Youve done it, and you want to whoop your achievement to the world. Friends pat you on the back and others email you with congrats. And the hard part hasnt started. Promotion is harder than all that combined. Surely she jests, I hear you say. Nope. Im serious as a heart attack. In all my years of writing, editing, researching, and building a platform, Ive never run into anything as frustrating as promoting a book. Ive been tossed Ive had my magical moments of selling 20 books in one night. Ive had my down evenings where I doubted what I was doing trying to establish myself as an author. Then I always tell myself that each and every author was a nobody before he became somebody. He sold one book at a time, hoping whoever bought it would spread the word until books sold he wasnt even aware of, the number adding up until he realized the hellacious journey he traveled over the years was finally beginning to show results. You dont see success coming. It just shows up one day, asking you to let it in . . . unless you quit along the way. Then it goes and knocks on somebody elses door.

Brigadier General John C. Caldwell in the Civil War

Brigadier General John C. Caldwell in the Civil War Early Life Born on April 17, 1833 in Lowell, VT, John Curtis Caldwell received his early schooling locally.   Interested in pursuing education as a career, he later attended Amherst College.   Graduating in 1855 with high honors, Caldwell moved to  East Machias, ME where he assumed the position of principal at Washington Academy.   He continued to hold this position for the next five years and became a respected member of the community.   With the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861 and beginning of the Civil War, Caldwell left his post and sought a military commission.   Though he lacked any type of military experience, his connections within the state and ties to the Republican Party saw him obtain command of the 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry on November 12, 1861. Early Engagements Assigned to Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac, Caldwells regiment traveled south in the spring of 1862 to take part in the Peninsula Campaign.   Despite his inexperience, he made a positive impression on his superiors and was chosen to command Brigadier General Oliver O. Howards brigade when that officer was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines on June 1.   With this assignment came a promotion to brigadier general which was back-dated to April 28.   Leading his men in Brigadier General Israel B. Richardsons division of Major General Edwin V. Sumners II Corps, Caldwell earned high praise for his leadership in reinforcing Brigadier General Philip Kearnys division at the Battle of Glendale on June 30.   With the defeat of Union forces on the Peninsula, Caldwell and II Corps returned to Northern Virginia. Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville Arriving too late to take part in the Union defeat at the Second Battle of Manassas, Caldwell and his men were quickly engaged in the Maryland Campaign in early September.   Held in reserve during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, Caldwells brigade saw intense fighting at the Battle of Antietam three days later.   Arriving on the field, Richardsons division began assaulting the Confederate position along the Sunken Road.   Reinforcing Brigadier General  Thomas F. Meaghers Irish Brigade, whose advance had stalled in the face of heavy resistance, Caldwells men renewed the attack.   As the fighting progressed, troops under Colonel Francis C. Barlow succeeded in turning the Confederate flank.   Pushing forward, Richardson and Caldwells men were ultimately halted by Confederate reinforcements under Major General James Longstreet.   Withdrawing, Richardson fell mortally wounded and command of the division briefly passed to Caldwell who was soon replaced by Brigadi er General Winfield S. Hancock. Though slightly wounded in the fighting, Caldwell remained in command of his brigade and led it three months later at the Battle of Fredericksburg.   In the course of the battle, his troops took part in the disastrous assault on Maryes Heights which saw the brigade suffer over 50% casualties and Caldwell wounded twice.  Ã‚   Though he performed well, one of his regiments broke and ran during the attack.   This, along with false rumors that he had hid during the fighting at Antietam, tarnished his reputation.   Despite these circumstances, Caldwell retained his role and took part in the Battle of Chancellorsville in early May 1863.   During the engagement, his troops helped stabilize the Union right after the defeat of Howards XI Corps and covered the withdrawal from the area around the Chancellor House. The Battle of Gettysburg In the wake of the defeat at Chancellorsville, Hancock ascended to lead II Corps and on May 22 Caldwell assumed command of the division.   In this new role, Caldwell moved north with Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac in pursuit of General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia.   Arriving at the Battle of Gettysburg on the morning of July 2, Caldwells division initially moved into a reserve role behind Cemetery Ridge.   That afternoon, as a large assault by Longstreet threatened to overwhelm Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps, he received orders to move south and reinforce the Union line in the Wheatfield.   Arriving, Caldwell deployed his division and swept Confederate forces from the field as well as occupied the woods to the west.   Though triumphant, Caldwells men were compelled to retreat when the collapse of the Union position at the Peach Orchard to the northwest led to them being flanked by the advancing enemy.   In the course of the fighting around the Wheatfield, Caldwells division sustained over 40% casualties.   The next day, Hancock sought to temporarily place Caldwell in command of II Corps but was overruled by Meade who preferred a West Pointer hold the post.   Later on July 3, after Hancock was wounded repulsing Picketts Charge, command of the corps devolved to Caldwell.   Meade moved swiftly and inserted Brigadier General William Hayes, a West Pointer, in the post that evening despite Caldwell being senior in rank. Later Career Following Gettysburg, Major General George Sykes, commander of V Corps, criticized Caldwells performance in the Wheatfield.   Investigated by Hancock, who had faith in subordinate, he was quickly cleared by a court of inquiry.   Despite this, Caldwells reputation was permanently damaged.   Though he led his division during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns that fall, when the Army of the Potomac was reorganized in the spring of 1864, he was removed from his post.   Ordered to Washington, DC, Caldwell spent the remainder of the war serving on various boards.   Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, he was selected to serve in the honor guard which bore the body back to Springfield, IL.   Later that year, Caldwell received a brevet promotion to major general in recognition of his service. Departing the army on January 15, 1866, Caldwell, still only thirty-three years old, returned to Maine and commenced practicing law.   After briefly serving in the state legislature, he held the post of adjutant general of the Maine Militia between 1867 and 1869.   Departing this position, Caldwell received an appointment as US Consul in Valparaiso.   Remaining in Chile for five years, he later obtained similar assignments in Uruguay and Paraguay.   Returning home in 1882, Caldwell accepted a final diplomatic post in 1897 when he became US Consul in San Jose, Costa Rica.   Serving under both Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, he retired in 1909.   Caldwell died on August 31, 1912, at Calais, ME while visiting one of his daughters.   His remains were interred at St. Stephen Rural Cemetery across the river in St. Stephen, New Brunswick. Sources Brigadier General John C. CaldwellFind a Grave: John C. CaldwellJohn C. Caldwell

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example Both learning organizations and complex adaptive systems could be used as frameworks for change in your organization. For instance, creating a culture that encourages support, learning, and critical thinking characteristic of the learning organization model could help employees understand and comprehend the need for respecting the chain of command in your organization (Nesse et-al, 2010). Elizabeth Harrell, I concur with your statement that the way an organization is structured will depict the overall culture of the organization. In this regard, the ways in which communication is conducted within your organization also portrays the culture of the organization (Geller, 2006). Your example of formal communication within your organization is also spot on. The regular meeting you hold every morning to discuss patients issues is an example of formal communication. In my current organization, any form of communication conducted through the official channels such as meetings, memos, and letters is considered formal. Any form of communication conducted through unauthorized means is considered informal. For instance, employees discussions during lunch time breaks on issues pertaining the patients is unauthorized as such informal may easily fall into the wrong hands hence breaching patients confidentiality. This is therefore an example of informal

Evidence Based Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evidence Based Practice - Research Paper Example 167-168) state, Privacy can be seen as an individual’s freedom and having private space to be by oneself, being protected against physical and psychological intrusion, having the opportunity to achieve emotional release, ensuring that certain personal information is protected from others, and controlling how personal information is handled† and â€Å"Altman defines privacy as ‘the selective control of access to the self’ and Westin10 as freedom of choice. These are important notions in the context of the research discussion as they provide an overarching framework within to examine the nature of privacy in the emergency setting. The research goes on the articulate the core notions of privacy as consisting of autonomy and confidentiality. With the implementation of computer technology the research notes that there is increasing concern with patient privacy. As a result, the study examined privacy issues within this context. The research analyzed patient sati sfaction with current medical privacy levels. The study was a descriptive analytical approach that involved 360 patients within three emergency departments. The study measured three areas of privacy: physical, informational, and psychosocial. The study results demonstrated that over half (50.6%) of the respondents believed that their privacy was either weak or average. Conversely, 49.4% indicated that their privacy was ‘fairly good’ or ‘good’. There were also demographic factors that correlated to some of the privacy statistics. Finally, the study demonstrated a strong correlation between perceived privacy and satisfaction. Shepherd, Ho, Shepherd, and Sivarajasin (2004) further considered patient privacy questions through the investigation of confidential registration in health services.... The research discussion revealed a number of pertinent information that can be applied to the investigation of HIPAA violations. In terms of HIPAA privacy violations, Nayeri and Aghajani established medical notions of privacy as being highly important to the functional medical environment. Their study measured three areas of privacy: physical, informational, and psychosocial. The results demonstrated that over half of the respondents believed that their privacy was either weak or average – a statistically significant figure. While this study established patient concern and desire for privacy, Shepherd, Ho, Shepherd, and Sivarajasin examined the issue in more specificity considering its implementation in confidential registration of health services. This study implemented control and intervention patients as a means of statistically determining patient perspectives on medical privacy when speaking to a receptionist. The results proved significant in that many patients in the co ntrol group expressed a desire for increased privacy. The applicability of these results are such that allowing increased privacy levels could have a corresponding benefit for patient confidence and satisfaction; notably this is a theme that was also echoed in the research by Nayeri and Aghajani.

The Indian Entertainment and Media industry Essay

The Indian Entertainment and Media industry - Essay Example The year 2006 has reported to be proved one of the most successful years for the Indian Film Industry as not local audience responded to the industry but also the foreign markets were more responsive to the new movies too. It was because of this reason that the industry has been able to witness consolidation through formation of formal companies as well as new firms entering into the market. Similarly the television channels in the country are getting mushroomed too as more and more niches are being developed to cater the various segments of the market. Apart from that the increased digitalization has allowed Indian T.V. Channels allowed them to deliver customized contents to their audience. Similarly the radio industry has evolved too with more and more FM stations are being started to again cater the various market segments. The above situation suggests a strong performance and expectations from the Indian Media industry and its capability to deliver. This work will undertake a det ailed SWOT analysis as well as PESTL analysis in order to explore further the industry. A good SWOT analysis would outline that the organization aiming to enter into certain sector should have the capabilities to exploit the strengths of the industry as well as utilize its strengths to overcome its weaknesses also. Similarly Opportunities must be fully utilized to cater to the threats which the industry is facing. 1) Media industry in India is one of the most booming industries in the economy having large customer base. All the segments of the industry including TV, Films and radio have the large customer base to cater to. Any company willing to penetrate into the market will not have to divert their resources in the development of the market as the readily available market is readily available.

Evolution of the Piano Essay Example for Free

Evolution of the Piano Essay One of the more popular musical instruments is the piano. In Youtube alone, a popular video sharing website, type ‘piano’ in the search box and result will show 574,000 uploaded videos. From the modern grand piano that people are grown accustomed to, it is interesting to find that piano began its journey from three things: hammer, string and soundboard. Dulcimer, an instrument originating in Iran after the birth of Christ, is said to be the inspiration for the creation of the piano (Concert Piano Pitch Services 2008). The dulcimer shares the same principles as the piano, with hammers striking/ beating strings placed in a flat soundboard (2008). However, in place of mechanical hammers, players used sticks (2008). Crusaders brought it to Europe during the Middle Ages (Marcie Wallis 2008). The term ‘dulcimer’ comes from the Latin ‘dulce melos’ which means â€Å"sweet sound† (Marcie Wallis 2008). An image of dulcimer is seen below. Image 1. Dulcimer (Marcie Wallis 2008) By the tenth century, pipe organs were the rage in churches (Goode 43). To play, a key is depressed, sending air into the pipe, thus producing a sound (Wright 47). The pipes are arranged in groups, with each group specializing in one tone (48). The pipes have a switch, called stops (48). When all stops are pulled, a forceful sound is produced. An image of a pipe organ is seen below. Image 2. Pipe Organ (Quimby Pipe Organs. com 2008) During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, another keyboard instrument became popular- the virginal (Goode 43). The virginal is a box with strings (43). A quill was used to pluck the strings. The term ‘virginal’ is said to be a compliment to the Queen. Young ladies used to play the virginal. The virginal was placed on a table as seen in the image below or held in the lap. Image 3. The Virginal (BBC 2008). In 1400, the world was introduced to the clavichord (Concert Piano Pitch Services 2008). It is one of the oldest keyboard instruments. It works according to a simple principle: The player depresses a key which in turns strikes a string with a metal blade called tangents, thereby producing sound (Marszalek and Panagakis 2006). It is a rectangular box with keyboards on the side and strings stretched across (Kelly 1998). Once a key is depressed, the player can also change the pitch to create a vibrato (1998). A clavichord player can make it â€Å"fretted†, striking strings in a succession manner of â€Å"unfretted† to produce one note (Piano Keyboard 2003). Widely used in Europe, clavichords were popular during the Renaissance period (1998). The Renaissance (1450-1600) was a period of rebirth, curiosity and individualism (Kamien 75). In this time, the focus was on human life (75). Thus, vocal music was given importance, with instrumental music taking a backseat (78). Given its small design, the clavichord was usually played in small audience (Get Piano Lessons. com 2008). Despite its limitations, the clavichord was a popular instrument especially in German households (2008). The oldest surviving clavichord is from the year 1543 (Piano Keyboard 2008). An image of the clavichord is seen below. Image 4. Clavichord (Get Piano Lessons. com 2008) Instrumental music saw its rise during the Baroque period (Wright 103). In this time, one instrument stood out- the harpsichord. The harpsichord originated in Northern Italy in 1400 but reached its peak during the Baroque period (Wright 48). It is the largest keyboard instrument. Some harpsichords had two keyboards (Marszalek and Panagakis 2004). Like the clavichord, the harpsichord is played by depressing a key, which in turn â€Å"forces a pick to pluck a string† (48). The plucking produces a sound (103). However, its level mechanism limits the harpsichord in controlling the forte (48). When a key is depressed, the sound and volume is still the same. Hence, harpsichords that were usually used had two keyboards to make sound gradations (48). This shortcoming exemplified the way Baroque music sounded: straightforward, uniformity continuity, no abrupt changes (103). It was during the Baroque period that Johann Sebastian Bach rose as the greatest composer, and harpsichordist of his time (Kamien 125). His Bradenburg Concerto no. 5, written around 1721, gained importance for being the first piece wherein a harpsichord had a solo role (104). Usually, in a concerto grosso (the term used for small group of soloists), the instruments used were string instruments. In the Bradenburg Concerto, the harpsichord is played in the final section. An image of the harpsichord is seen below. Image 5. Harpsichord (Get Piano Lesons. com 2008) Henry Purcell, another famous musician from the Baroque period, was chosen to be the organist of the Chapel Royal in London (UK Piano Pages 2008). By this time, the spinet had become popular. The spinet also came from the harpsichord family (Piano Keyboard 2003). The spinet was different from the harpsichord in size and its keyboard, which was placed on the long side of instrument (2003). An image of the spinet is seen below. Image 6. The Spinet (Piano Keyboard 2003) In 1709, the harpsichord was replaced with the pianoforte or piano for short (Get Piano Lessons. com 2008). Bartolomeo de Francesco Cristofori, an Italian harpsichord maker, was responsible for creating piano (2008). Instead of plucking, hammers hit the strings and a level mechanism allows the player to produce soft and loud sounds, thus the term ‘pianoforte which translates to ‘soft-loud’ (Wright 48). During the Classical Period, the piano became the key keyboard of most musicians (Kamien 150). In fact, major compositions of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven used the piano (150). Mozart’s Piano Concerto in A Major, one of the best known concertos of all time, was completed in this period (186). Image 7. Cristofori Pianoforte (Piano Keyboard 2003) Gottfried Silbermann, a German was touted as the maker of the first successful pianoforte (Piano Keyboard 2003). In 1742, square pianos were made (2003). An image of a square piano is seen below. Image 8. Square Piano (Piano Keyboard 2003) In 1739, the first upright piano was made by Domenico dela Mela (UK Piano. org 2008). The first upright piano is much more similar to a grand piano, though (2008). In 1768, Johan Christian Bach gave the first ever piano recital (2008). By 1800, John Isaac Hawkins created the first true upright piano (2008). Piano’s popularity continued until from then on. When Jazz music became popular in the 1890s to 1915, ragtime piano was developed (Kamien 360). Ragtime was played by black pianists in saloons and dance halls (360). Among the famous ragtime player at that time was Scott Joplin. One of his more prominent pieces was â€Å"The Entertainer â€Å"(360). The 1960s saw the birth of the electronic keyboard (Surovec 2002). Electric organs were used followed by amplified pianos (2002). From the spinet, virginal, clavichord and harpsichord which pluck the string, the invention of piano led to hammering the strings to produce sounds. Levers are used to work the hammers and dampers. The present piano has an iron frame which attaches the metal strings. When key is depressed, the felt-tipped hammers strike the strings, causing it to vibrate and make the sound. A piano also has tuning pins for tightening the strings. It has an 88-note keyboard and two or three pedals (Kamien 25). Half a million videos of people playing the piano is more than enough evidence that the popularity of piano has not faded. In fact, it has become more popular than ever. Music is part of our everyday lives. Be it the chirping of the birds, the machinery hum or the sound of one’s sweet singing voice. And with the invention of musical instruments, music has never sounded so pleasant to listen to. Works Cited BBC. 2008. The Virginal Piano. 7 April 2008. http://bbc. co. uk Concert Piano Pitch Services.2008. Piano. 7 April 2008. http://concertpitchpiano. com Get Piano Lessons. com. 2008. How the Renaissance Time Period Shaped the History of the Piano. 7 April 2008. http://get-piano-lessons. com Goode, Ruth. The International Library of Piano Music. Vol. 14. New Jersey: University Society, Inc. 1967. Kamien, Roger. Music An Appreciation. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Kelly, Robert. Dec. 1998. Clavichord Technique and Performance Practice. 7 April 2008. http://geocities. com/Vienna/3624/clavichd. htm Marszalek, C. S. and B. Panagakis. 23 August 2004. Clavichord. 7 April 2008. http://twingroves. district96. k12. il. us Piano Keyboard. com 2008. Piano History. 7 April 2008. http:/pianokeyboard. com Quimby Pipe Organs. com. 2008. Pipe Organs. 7 April 2008. htp://quimbypipeorgans. com Surovec, Sabrina. 2002. Electronic Music . 7 April 2008. http://essortment. com UK Piano. org. 2008. Piano History. 7 April 2008. http://uk-piano. org Wallis, Marcie. 2008. Dulcimer. 7 April 2008. http://marciewallis. com Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1996.

The concept of earning ones citizenship Essays -- essays research pape

The Concept of Earning One’s Citizenship Citizenship is defined as a being a citizen or a person owing allegiance to and entitled to the protection of a sovereign state. Citizen preferred for one owing allegiance to a state in which sovereign power is retained by the people and sharing in the political rights of those people. The concept of which in one of its earliest was given to us by the Romans, who had just began to understand the importance of a populace contributing to the decisions of its own fate. Modern American citizenship as we know it today was defined for us in the constitution of this nation by the founding fathers. Citizenship as they had envisioned it even back then was not free, but came with a price. A citizen was expected to carry out certain civic duties and responsibilities such as the defense of the republic, participating in state and local government, and voting on affairs of the nation as a whole. Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunc h. Liberty is a well-armed lamb contesting the vote!† Given all the communication technology; receiving and sending information has never been easier, however civic involvement is at one if its lowest points in the past 100 years. Eleanor Roosevelt once wrote of her husband, that Theodore Roosevelt taught by precept and example that men owed something at all times, whether in peace or in war, for the privilege of citizenship and that the burden rest equally on rich and poor. He said that, no matter what conditions existed, the blame lay no more heavily on the politician and his machine controlling city, state, or nation, than on the shoulders of the average citizen who concerned himself so little with his government that he allowed men to stay in power in spite of his dissatisfaction because he was too indifferent to exert himself to get better men in office. In order to maintain such a jewel of democracy, a new superior breed of citizen is required, one that has stepped forwa rd and reached out to carry the torch of freedom and guard it from those that would seek to extinguish it. He or she must wear his or her citizenship like a badge of honor. For citizenship to be so greatly prized it must be earned. One should have to make great sacrifices in order to be awarded the status quo of a class that steers and maintains the republic for the greate... ... â€Å"Democracy and the Public Service† Oxford University Press 1968 The scope of this book is to tie in â€Å"protected† non-electoral public service with being responsive to the public, and operating in a manner compatible with a democratic society. It explains how public service is the last industry to grow and take advantage of the increasing knowledge of every generation of workers’ and changing advances in regards to technological, and social concepts. Noteworthy: this book looks at the problem from both the publics and the public servants point of view. Eleanor Roosevelt â€Å"Good Citizenship: The Purpose of Education† Pictorial Review, April 1930: 4,94,97 Reprinted Online. Internet. Available http://newdeal.feri.org/er/er19.htm 4 oct. 2002 Eleanor writes to us about the problems she saw already manifesting in the civil populace of her time. She provides us with insights and lessons from her husband and his political career. Her ideas and concerns are not that far removed from the quotes that evolved in the hearts and minds of our countries great theologists. Bolie Williams IV â€Å"Robert A. Heinlein† 7 August 2001 Online. Internet. Available 4 oct. 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Fuzzy Logic

Overview The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4] [edit]Degrees of truth Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar – both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 – but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretations—see interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to â€Å"degrees of truth†, while probabilistic logic corresponds to â€Å"probability, likelihood†; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. edit]Applying truth values A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three â€Å"truth values†Ã¢â‚¬â€one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as â€Å"not hot†. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as â€Å"slightly warm† and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) â€Å"fairly cold†. [edit]Linguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. [edit]Example Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no â€Å"ELSE† – all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be â€Å"cold† and â€Å"normal† at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 – truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as â€Å"very†, or â€Å"somewhat†, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. [edit]Logical analysis In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of â€Å"fuzzy logic†; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. edit]Propositional fuzzy logics The most important propositional fuzzy logics are: Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka's logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. edit]Predicate fuzzy logics These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. [edit]Decidability issues f or fuzzy logic The notions of a â€Å"decidable subset† and â€Å"recursively enumerable subset† are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : S? N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement –s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann's paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godel’s theorems to fuzzy logic. [edit]Fuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova's dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fukami model or t he GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. [edit]Comparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues[citation needed] that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims[citation needed] to have proven a derivation of Bayes' theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. [6]) [edit]See also Logic portal Thinking portal Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classification Fuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic [edit]Notes ^ Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 ^ â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets†, Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. ^ James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 431. ^ Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 ^ Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and Systems 156 ( 2005) 341—348. [edit]Bibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B. C. (2010). â€Å"Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis†. Applied Soft Computing 10 (3): 926–937. Biacino, L. ; Gerla, G. (2002). â€Å"Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness†. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7): 643–667. doi:10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook: a practitioner's guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. Boston: AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). â€Å"Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics†. 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